فصلنامه مطالعات اجتماعی - روان شناختی زنان
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 35، تابستان 1392)

During the past two decades the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) capabilities in gender inequality reduction have been greatly emphasized in the manner that such capabilities led to a common sense hypothesis that ICT would be able to compensate some other determinant factors of women participation in society. But recent studies, however, despite confirming a significant impact of ICT on reducing gender inequality suggest that the structural factors have much more (or the greatest) impact on gender inequality than ICT. This paper is to assess the above proposition, while emphasizing woman participation in labor market. To do that we developed a basic econometric model and estimated it through Panel Data technique separately for 1990- 2008 as long run and 1990- 99 & 2000-08 as short run periods for selected groups of developed and developing countries (including Iran). Although the results imply that ICT has had significant effect on increasing women share in labor market, yet the effect of structural factors (such as social & cultural ones) is more significant. It seems that ICT as a complementary factor (besides structural ones) could facilitate elimination of gender inequality.

The main goal of this research is to study the identity and gender in the form of gender identity among women and men residing in Tehran. Gender identity is a person's own sense of identification as male or female that creates her/his sense of femininity or masculinity.This study is a survey research and the data was collected using the questionnaire. People above 15 years of age residing at the Metropolitan Tehran constitute the population of this study. The sample size is 342 respondents who were randomly chosen through cluster sampling method from three districts, 3, 11 and 18, of Tehran. Findings indicate that gender identity is already formed among the respondents. Men compared to women have stronger gender identity and are under the impact of this identity. A comparison among the three districts showed that residents of district 18 had stronger gender identity.

This research studies the relationship between attachment styles and levels of forgiveness among women who are divorce applicants and the ordinary women. Thus 100 available ordinary women and 100 available divorce applicants were considered as sample. Data gathering instrument was Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) and Family Forgiveness Scale (FFS). Data were analyzed by utilizing t-test and ANOVA and correlation coefficient statistical indexes. The results show that there was significant correlation between the Secure Attachment and Anxiety Attachment with forgiveness. There were also significant differences among divorce-applicant women and the ordinary women in attachment styles and forgiveness.

This paper studies factors influencing power structure of the family in working and non-working married women in the city of Boukan. The independent variables were extracted from the theoretical framework of research (resource theory, exchange theory, conflict) in the form of inference and eight hypotheses are proposed. Two samples each of the size of 70 individuals were selected to investigate the statistical community. In the selection of the first sample of married women, according to the criteria considered, a number of methods were used for all. Yet in the selection of the second sample of non-employed married women; in accordance with the broader extent of the community, a multi-stage cluster sampling was used. The data of the family power structure were collected from a researcher-designed questionnaire and analyzed by the SPSS software. For proportional measurements of variables, descriptive statistics (frequency, percent and percent density, etc.) and inferential statistics (test t, and regression analysis) were used. The results confirmed the research assumptions that the family power structure between employed non-employed married women is different. In the families of employed women, independent variables of woman’s education, woman’s income and couple’s ownership affected power structure of families statistically. While in families of non-employed women two variables of “husband’s education” and “marriage duration of couples” were most significant in description of power structure.

This paper shows that, first, women have not used cultural spaces evenly, that is at the same rate. Secondly, the employed women use of cultural spaces is a little higher than that of the housewives, at least in terms of going to the cinema. We should note that generally women rarely go to theatre or museum. The housewives watch television a bit more than the employed women because they have more time to spend on watching TV. Both housewives and the employed women spend time on watching the satellite TV at an equal rate, while the employed women study more, despite their occupational activity and given the fact that they have their share of housekeeping. The two groups listen to music very often. Finally, Cultural sites are used little by women; this might be due to economic constraints or lack of time. Instead they use cultural material more than cultural sites.

This paper examines the patterns associated with the socialization process of veiling of women in Iran. Using content analysis technique and socialization theory (Michener et al. 1990, Evans and Davis 2000, Tylor 2003), this paper focuses on the association between ‘educational institution and hijab socialization’ and explains the major patterns related to the representation of women’s veiling in the school education resources. The educational resources in the present study include the school-textbooks of the Islamic Republic of Iran in three levels: Primary, Intermediate, and High schools. In addition, the analyses of these educational resources are discussed in terms of ‘religious textbooks’ and ‘other textbooks’. This provides further opportunity to explore the existence and the extent of religious dominance in the educational materials. The preliminary results of this analysis show that there are some general patterns regarding the representation of women’s veiling in the educational resources. Further investigation, however, underlines that the patterns vary significantly by the main types of school-textbooks and educational levels.

This paper probes the participation rate of female university student in sports activities and to consider its effective factors. Given the research aims and hypotheses, the quantifying method is used in this paper. The statistical society are girls of Hamedan Bu-Ali-Sina university (5096), which 385 people of this number are chosen by Kukaran formula as the sample volume and a questionnaire is distributed among them by the cluster sampling method. The necessity of exercise and physical movement constitutes the significance of this article's subject. In addition, sport activity provides a situation in which the females can keep distance of the daily routines and in short alternating periods, they would find pleasure and happy experiences.Investigating the female university students’ participation in sport activities include considering the type and evaluation of some factors like the main field of study, social support, formational believes, the family viewpoint, nationality, economical-social level, the cultural origin and the like. The research hypotheses are compiled by using the theoretical literature from which some proposed theories are taken such as, Fish Bayen – Isen theory, the social learning theory, the cultural origin theory, feminism theories, Chafter theory, and the sexual stereotype of Sandrabam and the theoretical view of Cho. The results show that there are meaningful relationships between social support variables, the cultural origin, induced efficacy, individual trends and social barriers, participation with the sport participation, but there are not any meaningful relationships between the study field variables, nationality and social-economical level with the amount of sport activity. Also, there is meaningful and upside down relationship between the formational believes and sport participation.